الجهاد يعني مجاهدة النفس في الكف عن المعاصي، جهاد الأم في حملها بتحمل آلام الحمل، اجتهاد الطالب في دراسته، جهاد المدافع عن ماله وعرضه ودينه، حتى المثابرة على العبادات مثل الصوم والصلاة على وقتها تعتبر نوعًا من أنواع الجهاد.
Jihad means striving against the self to prevent it from committing sins. The mother's Jihad is in her pregnancy by enduring the pregnancy pains. The student's Jihad is in his study. There is also the Jihad of the one who defends his property, honor, and religion. Even perseverance in performing the acts of worship, like fasting and prayer on time, is considered one type of Jihad.
فنجد أن معنى الجهاد ليس كما يفهمه البعض على أنه قتل غير المسلمين من أبرياء ومسالمين.
So, the meaning of Jihad is not, as understood by some, killing non-Muslims from among the innocent and peaceful people.
فالإسلام يقدر الحياة، فلا يجوز مقاتلة المسالمين والمدنيين كما يجب حماية الممتلكات والأطفال والنساء حتى في أثناء الحروب، كما لا يجوز التشويه أو التمثيل في القتلى فهي ليست من أخلاق الإسلام.
Islam honors life, thus, it is not permissible to fight against the peaceful people and civilians, and it is an obligation to protect properties, children, and women even during wars. Moreover, deformation and mutilation are forbidden as such acts are against the morals of Islam.
قال الله تعالى:
Allah Almighty said:
"لَّا يَنْهَاكُمُ اللَّـهُ عَنِ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَلَمْ يُخْرِجُوكُم مِّن دِيَارِكُمْ أَن تَبَرُّوهُمْ وَتُقْسِطُوا إِلَيْهِمْ إِنَّ اللَّـهَ يُحِبُّ الْمُقْسِطِينَ (٨) إِنَّمَا يَنْهَاكُمُ اللَّـهُ عَنِ الَّذِينَ قَاتَلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَأَخْرَجُوكُم مِّن دِيَارِكُمْ وَظَاهَرُوا عَلَىٰ إِخْرَاجِكُمْ أَن تَوَلَّوْهُمْ وَمَن يَتَوَلَّهُمْ فَأُولَـٰئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ " [159] . (الممتحنة: 8-9).
{Allah does not forbid you from being kind and just to those who did not fight against you nor did they drive you out of your homes. Indeed, Allah loves those who are just. Allah only forbids you from taking as allies those who fought against you on account of your religion, and drove you out of your homes or helped others in driving you out. Whoever takes them as allies, it is they who are the wrongdoers.} [159] Surat al-Mumtahanah: 8-9.
"مِنْ أَجْلِ ذَٰلِكَ كَتَبْنَا عَلَىٰ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ أَنَّهُ مَن قَتَلَ نَفْسًا بِغَيْرِ نَفْسٍ أَوْ فَسَادٍ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَكَأَنَّمَا قَتَلَ النَّاسَ جَمِيعًا وَمَنْ أَحْيَاهَا فَكَأَنَّمَا أَحْيَا النَّاسَ جَمِيعًا وَلَقَدْ جَاءَتْهُمْ رُسُلُنَا بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ ثُمَّ إِنَّ كثيرًا مِّنْهُم بَعْدَ ذَٰلِكَ فِي الْأَرْضِ لَمُسْرِفُونَ"[160]. (المائدة: 32).
{For this reason We ordained for the Children of Israel that whoever kills a person – unless in retribution for murder or corruption in the land – it is as if he killed all mankind; and whoever saves a life, it is as if he saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came to them with clear signs, yet many of them continued to exceed the limits afterwards in the land.} [160] Surat al-Mā’idah: 32.
فغير المسلم هو واحد من أربعة:
A non-Muslim is one of the four:
مستأمن: وهو الذي أُعطِي الأمان.
. Musta’man: the one who is granted protection.
قال الله تعالى:
Allah Almighty said:
"وَإِنْ أَحَدٌ مِّنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ اسْتَجَارَكَ فَأَجِرْهُ حَتَّى يَسْمَعَ كَلاَمَ اللّهِ ثُمَّ أَبْلِغْهُ مَأْمَنَهُ ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لاَّ يَعْلَمُونَ" [161]. (التوبة:6).
{If any of the polytheists asks you for protection, give it to him, so that he may hear the Word of Allah, then escort him to his place of safety; that is because they are a people who do not know.} [161] Surat at-Tawbah: 6.
معاهَد: وهو الذي عاهده المسلمون على ترك القتال.
. Mu‘āhad: the one who is committed to a peace treaty with Muslims.
قال الله تعالى:
Allah Almighty said:
"وَإِن نَّكَثُوا أَيْمَانَهُم مِّن بَعْدِ عَهْدِهِمْ وَطَعَنُوا فِي دِينِكُمْ فَقَاتِلُوا أَئِمَّةَ الْكُفْرِ ۙ إِنَّهُمْ لَا أَيْمَانَ لَهُمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَنتَهُونَ"[162] . (التوبة: 12).
{But if they break their oaths after making a pledge and revile your religion, then fight the leaders of disbelief – whose oaths mean nothing to them – so that they may desist.} [162] Surat at-Tawbah: 12.
ذِميّ: الذمة هي العهد، وأهل الذمة هم غير المسلمين الذين تعاقدوا مع المسلمين على إعطاء الجزية والالتزام بشروط معينة مقابل بقائهم على دينهم وتوفير الأمن والحماية لهم. وهو مبلغ بسيط يُدفع على حسب استطاعتهم، ويُؤخذ من المستطيعين دون غيرهم، وهم الرجال الأحرار البالغين الذين يقاتلون دون النساء والأطفال والغير عاقلين. وصاغرون بمعنى خاضعون للقانون الإلهي. في حين أن الضريبة التي يدفعها الملايين في يومنا هذا تشمل جميع الأفراد وبمبالغ كبيرة مقابل رعاية الدولة لشؤونهم وهم خاضعون لهذا القانون الوضعي.
. Dhimmi: "Dhimmah" means a covenant, and Dhimmis are non-Muslims who enter into an agreement with Muslims to pay Jizyah (protection tax) and committed to certain conditions in return for maintaining their religion and for being granted safety and protection. It is a small sum of money that is determined according to their ability. It is to be taken only from those who are able to pay, i.e., the free adult men who can fight with the exclusion of women, children, and the insane. "Humbled" means submitting to the divine law. On the contrary, the taxes paid by millions of people today include all individuals and constitute large sums of money in return for having their affairs managed by the country and they must submit to this man-made law.
قال الله تعالى:
Allah Almighty said:
" قَاتِلُواْ الَّذِينَ لاَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللّهِ وَلاَ بِالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ وَلاَ يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلاَ يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُواْ الْكِتَابَ حَتَّىٰ يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَن يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ"[163]. (التوبة: 29).
{Fight those of the People of the Book who do not believe in Allah and the Last Day, nor do they consider forbidden what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, nor adopt the religion of truth [Islam], until they pay the protection tax willingly while they are humbled.} [163] Surat at-Tawbah: 29.
محارِب: وهو من أعلن القتال ضد المسلمين، فهذا لا عهد له ولا ذمة ولا أمان. وهم الذين قال الله تعالى فيهم:
. Muhārib: the one who declares war against Muslims. This person does not respect treaties or covenants and is unworthy of protection. They are those about whom Allah Almighty said:
"وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّى لاَ تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ كُلُّهُ لِلّه فَإِنِ انتَهَوْاْ فَإِنَّ اللّهَ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ" [164]. (الأنفال :39).
{Fight them until there is no more persecution and the religion is entirely for Allah; but if they desist, then Allah is All-Seeing of what they do.} [164] Surat al-Anfāl: 39.
وفئة المحارِب هي من علينا مقاتلتها فقط، ولم يأمر الله بالقتل ولكن بالقتال وهناك فرق كبير بينهما، فالقتال هنا بمعنى المواجهة في الحرب بين مقاتل ومقاتل للدفاع عن النفس، وهذا ما تنص عليه كل القوانين الوضعية.
The Muhārib (belligerent) category is the only category that we should fight against, and even those, Allah has not commanded us to kill them; rather, fight against them and there is a great difference between the two. The fight here refers to the confrontation in war between two fighters for self-defense, and this is what is stipulated by all the positive laws.
قال الله تعالى:
Allah Almighty said:
"وَقَاتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّـهِ الَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ وَلَا تَعْتَدُوا إِنَّ اللَّـهَ لَا يُحِبُّ الْمُعْتَدِينَ" [165]. (البقرة: 190).
{Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight you, but do not transgress, for Allah does not like transgressors.} [165] Surat al-Baqarah: 190.
وكثيرًا ما نسمع من غير المسلمين الموحدين أنهم لم يكونوا يعتقدون بوجود دين على وجه الأرض يقول بلا إله إلا الله. فقد اعتقدوا أن المسلمين يعبدون محمدًا، وأن المسيحيين يعبدون المسيح، وأن البوذيون يعبدون بوذا، وأن ما يجدونه من ديانات على وجه الأرض لا يطابق ما في قلوبهم.
We often hear non-Muslim monotheists saying that they did not think there existed any religion on the surface of earth stating that there is no god but Allah. They thought that Muslims worship Muhammad, the Christians worship Jesus, and the Buddhists worship Buddha. They thought that all the religions they could find on earth do not conform to what lies in their hearts.
هنا يتبين لنا أهمية الفتوحات الإسلامية التي كان ولا زال ينتظرها الكثير بفارغ الصبر. والتي هدفها إيصال رسالة التوحيد فقط ضمن حدود لا إكراه في الدين، وذلك باحترام حرمات الآخرين وأداء ما عليهم من التزامات تجاه الدولة مقابل بقائهم على دينهم وتوفير الأمن والحماية لهم. كما حدث في فتح مصر وفي بلاد الأندلس وغيرها الكثير.
This stresses the importance of the Islamic conquests that many used to and are still eagerly waiting for. Such conquests aim at conveying the message of Tawhīd (monotheism) only within the limits of "there is no compulsion in religion", by respecting others' sanctities and making sure that they fulfill their commitments towards the country in return for maintaining their religion and providing them with safety and protection, like what happened in the conquest of Egypt, Andalusia, and many others.